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KMID : 1231220220130010011
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Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
2022 Volume.13 No. 1 p.11 ~ p.19
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A Historical Review of Changes in Gender-Specific Social Norms and Tobacco Use by Women
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Lim Min-Kyung
Lee Seung-Hoon
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Abstract
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Big gender differences in the prevalence of smoking have continued since national statistics on tobacco use became available in Korea. However, smoking was equally widespread among men and women in the 17th century, when tobacco was introduced. With the development of social norms and systems based on ‘patriarchy’ and ‘hierarchy’ rooted in Confucian values, smoking became gendered as masculine, and women smokers were persecuted. The manufactured cigarette and westernized culture encouraged women to smoke as a symbol of feminism and freedom in the 19th century. In Korea, smoking by women was accelerated by tobacco company advertisements targeting women as potential consumers and the implementation of a tobacco monopoly by the Japanese colonial government for financial purposes. Abstinence from smoking was reinforced by the self-governing movement of Korean nationalist groups and Christian ethics and then propelled by the Japanese colonial policy of saving resources for war. The abstinence from smoking was considered a basis of virtue in women who were good wives and wise mothers, and it has been maintained until recently. Regarding the historical review on the change of women smoking affected by gender-specific social norms and policies as well as the current concern of potential room for women smoking with the under-reporting due to social stigma and increasing tobacco use by younger age groups, tobacco control policies without a gender difference, focus on addiction and harmful effects on health by tobacco use, offering cessation with tailored programs for women, and continuous monitoring of tobacco company marketing for women, including novel tobacco introduction, should be considered.
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KEYWORD
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Women, Tobacco use, Gender difference, Social norm, Control policy, Korea
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